Kuva mu kinyejana cya 20, ikiremwamuntu cyashishikajwe no gushakisha ikirere no gusobanukirwa ibiri hejuru yisi.Amashyirahamwe akomeye nka NASA na ESA yabaye ku isonga mu bushakashatsi bw’ikirere, kandi undi mukinnyi ukomeye muri iyi ntsinzi ni icapiro rya 3D.Hamwe nubushobozi bwo kubyara byihuse ibice bigoye ku giciro gito, ubu buryo bwikoranabuhanga bugenda burushaho gukundwa mubigo.Bituma kurema ibintu byinshi bishoboka, nka satelite, icyogajuru, hamwe na roketi.Nkako, nk'uko SmarTech ibivuga, biteganijwe ko agaciro k’isoko ry’inganda zikoresha inganda ziyongera ku nganda ziteganijwe kugera kuri miliyari 2,1 mu 2026. Ibi bitera kwibaza: Nigute icapiro rya 3D ryafasha abantu kuba indashyikirwa mu kirere?
Ku ikubitiro, icapiro rya 3D ryakoreshwaga cyane cyane muburyo bwihuse mu nganda zubuvuzi, ibinyabiziga, n’ikirere.Ariko, uko ikoranabuhanga rimaze kwamamara, ririmo gukoreshwa cyane kubintu byanyuma-bigamije.Ikoranabuhanga ryongera ibyuma byikoranabuhanga, cyane cyane L-PBF, ryemereye gukora ibyuma bitandukanye bifite imiterere nigihe kirekire bikwiranye nikirere gikabije.Ubundi buryo bwa tekinoroji yo gucapa 3D, nka DED, guhuza indege, hamwe nogusohora, nabyo bikoreshwa mugukora ibice byindege.Mu myaka yashize, hagaragaye imishinga mishya yubucuruzi, hamwe namasosiyete nka Made in Space na Relativity Space ikoresha tekinoroji yo gucapa 3D mugushushanya ibice byindege.
Umwanya ugereranije Umwanya wa printer ya 3D yinganda zo mu kirere
Ubuhanga bwo gucapa 3D mu kirere
Noneho ko tumaze kubamenyekanisha, reka turebe neza tekinoroji zitandukanye zo gucapa 3D zikoreshwa mu nganda zo mu kirere.Icya mbere, twakagombye kumenya ko gukora ibyuma byongera ibyuma, cyane cyane L-PBF, nibyo bikoreshwa cyane muriki gice.Iyi nzira ikubiyemo gukoresha ingufu za laser kugirango uhuze ifu yicyuma kumurongo.Birakwiriye cyane cyane kubyara ibice bito, bigoye, byuzuye, kandi byabigenewe.Inganda zo mu kirere nazo zishobora kungukirwa na DED, zirimo kubitsa insinga cyangwa ifu kandi ikoreshwa cyane mugusana, gutwikira, cyangwa gukora ibyuma byabugenewe cyangwa ceramic.
Ibinyuranyo, indege ya binder, nubwo ifite akamaro mubijyanye n'umuvuduko wumusaruro nigiciro gito, ntabwo ikwiriye kubyara ibice byimashini ikora cyane kuko bisaba intambwe nyuma yo gutunganya intambwe ishimangira kongera igihe cyo gukora ibicuruzwa byanyuma.Ikoranabuhanga rya Extrusion naryo rifite akamaro mubidukikije.Twabibutsa ko polymers zose zidakwiye gukoreshwa mumwanya, ariko plastike ikora cyane nka PEEK irashobora gusimbuza ibice byicyuma bitewe nimbaraga zabo.Nyamara, ubu buryo bwo gucapa 3D ntiburakwirakwira cyane, ariko burashobora kuba umutungo wingenzi mubushakashatsi bwikirere ukoresheje ibikoresho bishya.
Laser Powder Uburiri Fusion (L-PBF) nubuhanga bukoreshwa cyane mugucapisha 3D kubirere.
Ubushobozi bwibikoresho byo mu kirere
Inganda zo mu kirere zagiye zishakisha ibikoresho bishya binyuze mu icapiro rya 3D, zitanga ubundi buryo bushya bushobora guhungabanya isoko.Mugihe ibyuma nka titanium, aluminium, na nikel-chromium alloys byahoze byibandwaho cyane, ibikoresho bishya birashobora kwiba bidatinze: ukwezi kwa regolith.Lunar regolith nigice cyumukungugu utwikiriye ukwezi, kandi ESA yerekanye ibyiza byo kuyihuza nicapiro rya 3D.Advenit Makaya, injeniyeri mukuru w’inganda muri ESA, asobanura ko ukwezi kwa regolith bisa na beto, ahanini bigizwe na silicon nibindi bintu bya shimi nka fer, magnesium, aluminium, na ogisijeni.ESA yafatanije na Lithoz kubyara ibice bito bikora nka screw na gare ukoresheje simuline yukwezi kugereranywa nibintu bisa numukungugu wukwezi.
Byinshi mubikorwa bigira uruhare mugukora ukwezi kwa regolith bifashisha ubushyuhe, bigatuma bihuza nikoranabuhanga nka SLS hamwe nifu yo guhuza ibisubizo.ESA ikoresha kandi tekinoroji ya D-Shape ifite intego yo kubyara ibice bikomeye ivanga magnesium chloride nibikoresho hanyuma ikabihuza na oxyde ya magnesium iboneka murugero rwigana.Kimwe mu byiza byingenzi biri muri uku kwezi ni uburyo bwiza bwo gucapa neza, bikabasha gukora ibice bifite ubusobanuro buhanitse.Iyi mikorere irashobora guhinduka umutungo wibanze mu kwagura urwego rwibikorwa hamwe ninganda zikora kugirango ukwezi kuzabe.
Ukwezi kwa Regolith ni hose
Hariho na Martian regolith, yerekeza kubintu byo munsi y'ubutaka biboneka kuri Mars.Kugeza ubu, ibigo mpuzamahanga byo mu kirere ntibishobora kugarura ibyo bikoresho, ariko ibi ntibyabujije abahanga gukora ubushakashatsi ku bushobozi bwabyo mu mishinga imwe n'imwe yo mu kirere.Abashakashatsi bifashisha urugero rwibi bikoresho kandi barabihuza na titanium ivanze kugirango babone ibikoresho cyangwa ibikoresho bya roketi.Ibisubizo byambere byerekana ko ibi bikoresho bizatanga imbaraga nyinshi kandi bikarinda ibikoresho kwangirika kwangirika nimirase.Nubwo ibyo bikoresho byombi bifite imiterere isa, ukwezi kwa regolith biracyari ibikoresho byageragejwe cyane.Iyindi nyungu nuko ibyo bikoresho bishobora gukorerwa ahabigenewe bidakenewe gutwara ibikoresho bibisi biva kwisi.Mubyongeyeho, regolith nisoko yibintu bidasubirwaho, ifasha mukurinda ubuke.
Porogaramu ya tekinoroji yo gucapa 3D mu nganda zo mu kirere
Porogaramu ya tekinoroji yo gucapa 3D mu nganda zo mu kirere irashobora gutandukana bitewe nuburyo bwihariye bwakoreshejwe.Kurugero, laser powder yuburiri fusion (L-PBF) irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibice bigoye byigihe gito, nka sisitemu yibikoresho cyangwa ibice byabigenewe.Launcher, yatangiriye muri Californiya, yakoresheje tekinoroji yo gucapa ya safiro-icyuma ya Velo3D kugirango azamure moteri ya roketi ya E-2.Ibikorwa byuwabikoze byakoreshejwe mugukora turbine induction, igira uruhare runini mukwihutisha no gutwara LOX (ogisijeni y'amazi) mucyumba cyaka.Turbine na sensor buri kimwe cyacapishijwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya 3D hanyuma riraterana.Ibi bikoresho bishya bitanga roketi hamwe n’amazi menshi atemba kandi bigatera imbaraga, bigatuma igice cyingenzi cya moteri
Velo3D yagize uruhare mu ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya PBF mu gukora moteri ya roketi E-2.
Gukora inyongeramusaruro bifite porogaramu nini, harimo kubyara umusaruro muto nini nini.Kurugero, tekinoroji ya 3D yo gucapa nka Relativity Space's Stargate igisubizo irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibice binini nkibikomoka kuri peteroli hamwe na moteri.Umwanya wa Relativity wabigaragaje binyuze mubikorwa byiza bya Terran 1, roketi hafi ya yose yacapishijwe 3D, harimo ikigega cya peteroli gifite uburebure bwa metero nyinshi.Itangizwa ryayo rya mbere ku ya 23 Werurwe 2023, ryerekanye imikorere nukuri kwizerwa ryinganda ziyongera.
Ikoreshwa rya 3D ryandika rya tekinoroji naryo ryemerera gukora ibice ukoresheje ibikoresho bikora neza nka PEEK.Ibigize bikozwe muri iyi termoplastique bimaze kugeragezwa mu kirere kandi bishyirwa kuri Rashid rover mu rwego rw’ubutumwa bw’ukwezi kwa UAE.Icyari kigamijwe muri iki kizamini kwari ugusuzuma uburyo PEEK irwanya ukwezi gukabije.Niba bigenze neza, PEEK irashobora gusimbuza ibice byicyuma mugihe ibice byicyuma bimeneka cyangwa ibikoresho bikaba bike.Byongeye kandi, imitwaro yoroheje ya PEEK irashobora kuba iyagaciro mubushakashatsi bwikirere.
Tekinoroji ya 3D irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibice bitandukanye byinganda zo mu kirere.
Ibyiza byo gucapa 3D mu nganda zo mu kirere
Ibyiza byo gucapa 3D mubikorwa byindege harimo kunoza isura yanyuma yibice ugereranije nubuhanga gakondo bwo kubaka.Johannes Homa, umuyobozi mukuru w’uruganda rukora icapiro rwa 3D rwo muri Otirishiya, Lithoz, yavuze ko "iri koranabuhanga rituma ibice byoroha."Kubera ubwisanzure bwo gushushanya, ibicuruzwa byacapwe 3D birakora neza kandi bisaba amikoro make.Ibi bigira ingaruka nziza kubidukikije byumusaruro wibice.Umwanya ufitanye isano wagaragaje ko gukora inyongeramusaruro bishobora kugabanya cyane umubare wibikoresho bisabwa mu gukora icyogajuru.Kuri roketi ya Terran 1, ibice 100 byarakijijwe.Byongeye kandi, iri koranabuhanga rifite ibyiza byingenzi mu muvuduko w’umusaruro, hamwe na roketi irangiye mu minsi itarenze 60.Ibinyuranye, gukora roketi ukoresheje uburyo gakondo bishobora gufata imyaka myinshi.
Kubijyanye no gucunga umutungo, icapiro rya 3D rirashobora kubika ibikoresho kandi, hamwe na hamwe, ndetse bikemerera imyanda gutunganya.Hanyuma, gukora inyongeramusaruro birashobora guhinduka umutungo wingenzi kugirango ugabanye uburemere bwa roketi.Intego ni ugukoresha cyane ibikoresho byaho, nka regolith, no kugabanya ubwikorezi bwibikoresho mu cyogajuru.Ibi bituma bishoboka gutwara printer ya 3D gusa, ishobora gukora ibintu byose kurubuga nyuma yurugendo.
Byakozwe mu kirere bimaze kohereza imwe mu icapiro rya 3D mu mwanya wo kugerageza.
Imipaka yo gucapisha 3D mumwanya
Nubwo icapiro rya 3D rifite ibyiza byinshi, tekinoroji iracyari shyashya kandi ifite aho igarukira.Advenit Makaya yagize ati: "Kimwe mu bibazo nyamukuru bijyanye n’inganda ziyongera mu nganda zo mu kirere ni ukugenzura no kwemeza."Ababikora barashobora kwinjira muri laboratoire hanyuma bakagerageza imbaraga za buri gice, kwizerwa, na microstructure mbere yo kwemezwa, inzira izwi kwizina ridasenya (NDT).Ariko, ibi birashobora gutwara igihe kandi bihenze, intego nyamukuru rero ni ukugabanya ibikenewe byibi bizamini.NASA iherutse gushinga ikigo gikemura iki kibazo, cyibanze ku cyemezo cyihuse cyibikoresho byibyuma byakozwe ninganda ziyongera.Ikigo kigamije gukoresha impanga za digitale mugutezimbere mudasobwa yibicuruzwa, bizafasha injeniyeri kumva neza imikorere nimbibi zibice, harimo n’umuvuduko ushobora kwihanganira mbere yo kuvunika.Mu kubikora, ikigo cyizeye gufasha mu guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya 3D icapwa mu nganda zo mu kirere, bigatuma irushaho gukora neza mu guhangana n’ubuhanga gakondo bwo gukora.
Ibi bice byakorewe kwizerwa no kugerageza imbaraga.
Kurundi ruhande, inzira yo kugenzura iratandukanye niba inganda zakozwe mumwanya.Advenit Makaya wa ESA asobanura agira ati: "Hariho tekinike ikubiyemo gusesengura ibice mu gihe cyo gucapa."Ubu buryo bufasha kumenya ibicuruzwa byacapwe bikwiye kandi bidakwiriye.Byongeye kandi, hariho sisitemu yo kwikosora ya printer ya 3D igenewe umwanya kandi irageragezwa kumashini yicyuma.Sisitemu irashobora kumenya amakosa ashobora kuba mubikorwa byo gukora kandi igahita ihindura ibipimo byayo kugirango ikosore inenge zose mugice.Izi sisitemu zombi ziteganijwe kuzamura ubwizerwe bwibicuruzwa byacapwe mu kirere.
Kwemeza ibisubizo bya 3D byo gucapa, NASA na ESA bashizeho ibipimo.Ibipimo ngenderwaho birimo urukurikirane rwibizamini kugirango hamenyekane kwizerwa ryibice.Batekereza kuri tekinoroji yuburiri bwa fusion kandi barabavugurura kubindi bikorwa.Nyamara, abakinnyi benshi bakomeye mubikorwa byinganda, nka Arkema, BASF, Dupont, na Sabic, nabo batanga ubu buryo.
Kuba mu kirere?
Hamwe niterambere rya tekinoroji yo gucapa 3D, twabonye imishinga myinshi igenda neza kwisi ikoresha ubwo buhanga mukubaka amazu.Ibi biradutera kwibaza niba iyi nzira ishobora gukoreshwa mugihe cya vuba cyangwa cya kure kugirango twubake amazu atuye mumwanya.Mugihe gutura mu kirere muri iki gihe bidashoboka, kubaka amazu, cyane cyane ku kwezi, birashobora kugirira akamaro abogajuru mu gusohoza ubutumwa bwo mu kirere.Intego y'Ikigo cy’Uburayi gishinzwe icyogajuru (ESA) ni ukubaka amadome ku kwezi ukoresheje ukwezi kwa regolith, ushobora gukoreshwa mu kubaka inkuta cyangwa amatafari mu rwego rwo kurinda icyogajuru imirasire.Nk’uko Advenit Makaya wo muri ESA abitangaza ngo regolith y'ukwezi igizwe n'ibyuma bigera kuri 60% na ogisijeni 40% kandi ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi kugira ngo abantu babeho mu kirere kuko bishobora gutanga isoko ya ogisijeni itagira iherezo iyo ikuwe muri ibyo bikoresho.
NASA yahaye ICON inkunga ingana na miliyoni 57.2 z'amadolari yo guteza imbere sisitemu yo gucapa 3D yo kubaka inyubako ku kwezi kandi ikanafatanya na sosiyete gushinga ubuturo bwa Mars Dune Alpha.Intego ni ukugerageza imibereho ya Mars mugihe abakorerabushake baba mumwaka umwe, bigana imiterere yumubumbe utukura.Izi mbaraga zerekana intambwe zikomeye ziganisha ku kubaka mu buryo butaziguye inyubako zacapwe 3D ku kwezi na Mars, amaherezo bikaba byaha inzira inzira yo gukoloniza abantu.
Mu bihe biri imbere, aya mazu ashobora gutuma ubuzima bubaho mu kirere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-14-2023