Kuva mu kinyejana cya 20, abantu bashishikajwe no gushakisha ikirere no gusobanukirwa ibiri inyuma y’Isi. Imiryango ikomeye nka NASA na ESA yabaye iya mbere mu gushakisha ikirere, kandi ikindi kintu cy’ingenzi muri iki gikorwa ni ugucapa mu buryo bwa 3D. Kubera ubushobozi bwo gukora ibice bigoye vuba ku giciro gito, iri koranabuhanga ryo gushushanya ririmo gukundwa cyane mu bigo. Rituma habaho uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora, nka satelite, indege zo mu kirere, n’ibice bya roketi. Mu by’ukuri, nk’uko SmarTech ibivuga, agaciro k’inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu kirere ku giti cyazo kazagera kuri miliyari 2.1 z’amayero mu 2026. Ibi bitera ikibazo: Ni gute gucapa mu buryo bwa 3D byafasha abantu kuba indashyikirwa mu isanzure?
Mbere na mbere, icapiro rya 3D ryakoreshwaga cyane cyane mu gushushanya byihuse mu nganda z’ubuvuzi, imodoka, n’iz’indege. Ariko, uko ikoranabuhanga ryagiye rikwirakwira cyane, ririmo gukoreshwa cyane mu bice by’ingenzi. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora inyongeramusaruro z’ibyuma, cyane cyane L-PBF, ryatumye habaho ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibyuma bifite imiterere n’ubudahangarwa bukwiriye ikirere. Izindi koranabuhanga zo gucapa 3D, nka DED, gufunga no gusohora ibikoresho by’indege, nazo zikoreshwa mu gukora ibice by’indege. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, havutse uburyo bushya bw’ubucuruzi, aho ibigo nka Made in Space na Relativity Space bikoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gucapa 3D mu gushushanya ibice by’indege.
Relativity Space ikora imashini isohora 3D mu nganda z'indege
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gucapa mu buryo bwa 3D mu kirere
Noneho ko tumaze kubimenyekanisha, reka turebere hamwe ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye ryo gucapa rya 3D rikoreshwa mu nganda z’indege. Ubwa mbere, tugomba kumenya ko gukora inyongeramusaruro z’ibyuma, cyane cyane L-PBF, ari byo bikoreshwa cyane muri uru rwego. Ubu buryo burimo gukoresha ingufu za laser kugira ngo uhuze urwego rw’ifu y’icyuma ku rundi. Birakwiriye cyane cyane gukora ibice bito, bigoye, by’ukuri, kandi byihariye. Abakora indege bashobora kandi kungukirwa na DED, irimo gushyira insinga z’icyuma cyangwa ifu kandi ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusana, gusiga, cyangwa gukora ibice by’icyuma cyangwa ibya ceramic byihariye.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, gukoresha ibyuma bifunga, nubwo bifite akamaro mu muvuduko wo gukora no ku giciro gito, ntabwo bikwiriye gukora ibice by’imashini bikora neza kuko bisaba intambwe zo kongera imbaraga nyuma yo gutunganya ibintu, ibyo bikaba byongera igihe cyo gukora ibicuruzwa bya nyuma. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusohora ibikoresho rigira akamaro no mu kirere. Tugomba kumenya ko atari polymer zose zikwiriye gukoreshwa mu kirere, ariko pulasitiki zikora neza nka PEEK zishobora gusimbura bimwe mu bice by'icyuma bitewe n'imbaraga zabyo. Ariko, ubu buryo bwo gucapa bwa 3D ntabwo bukwirakwira cyane, ariko bushobora kuba ingirakamaro mu gushakisha mu kirere hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bishya.
Ikoranabuhanga rya Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) rikoreshwa cyane mu gucapa mu buryo bwa 3D mu kirere.
Ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho byo mu kirere
Inganda zikora ibijyanye n'indege zigenda zishakisha ibikoresho bishya binyuze mu icapiro rya 3D, zitanga ubundi buryo bushya bushobora guhungabanya isoko. Nubwo ibyuma nka titaniyumu, aluminiyumu, na nikeli-chromium alloys byahoze ari byo byibandwaho cyane, ibikoresho bishya bishobora guhita byiba ikirangirire: ukwezi kwa regolith. ukwezi kwa regolith ni urwego rw'umukungugu utwikiriye ukwezi, kandi ESA yagaragaje ibyiza byo kuyihuza n'icapiro rya 3D. Advenit Makaya, injeniyeri mukuru mu nganda za ESA, avuga ko ukwezi kwa regolith bisa na beto, ahanini bigizwe na silikoni n'ibindi bintu bya chimique nka icyuma, manyeziyumu, aluminiyumu na ogisijeni. ESA yafatanyije na Lithoz gukora ibice bito bikora nk'ibisumizi n'ibikoresho hakoreshejwe ukwezi kwa regolith bifite imiterere isa n'iy'ukwezi nyako.
Inyinshi mu nzira zikoreshwa mu gukora ukwezi zikoresha ubushyuhe, bigatuma bihuzwa n'ikoranabuhanga nka SLS n'ibisubizo byo gucapa ifu. ESA irimo kandi gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya D-Shape hagamijwe gukora ibice bikomeye bivanze na magnesium chloride n'ibikoresho hanyuma bikavangwa na magnesium oxide iboneka muri sampuli yiganwa. Imwe mu nyungu zikomeye z'iki gikoresho cy'ukwezi ni uko gifite ubushobozi bwo gucapa neza, bigatuma gitanga ibice bifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru. Iki kintu gishobora kuba umutungo w'ibanze mu kwagura urwego rw'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byo gukora ku kwezi mu gihe kizaza.
Lunar Regolith iri hose
Hariho kandi regolith ya Mars, yerekeza ku bikoresho byo munsi y’ubutaka byabonetse kuri Mars. Muri iki gihe, ibigo mpuzamahanga bigenzura iby’ikirere ntibishobora kugarura ibi bikoresho, ariko ibi ntibyabujije abahanga mu bya siyansi gukora ubushakashatsi ku bushobozi bwabyo mu mishinga imwe n’imwe y’indege. Abashakashatsi barimo gukoresha ingero zakozwe muri ibi bikoresho kandi barimo kubivanga na alloy ya titaniyumu kugira ngo bakore ibikoresho cyangwa ibice bya roketi. Ibisubizo bya mbere bigaragaza ko ibi bikoresho bizatanga imbaraga nyinshi kandi bikarinda ibikoresho ingese n’imirasire yangiza. Nubwo ibi bikoresho byombi bifite imiterere isa, lunar regolith ni yo iracyari ibikoresho byageragejwe cyane. Indi nyungu ni uko ibi bikoresho bishobora gukorwa aho hantu hatabayeho gutwara ibikoresho fatizo biva ku Isi. Byongeye kandi, regolith ni isoko y’ibikoresho idashira, ifasha mu gukumira ibura.
Imikoreshereze y'ikoranabuhanga rya 3D mu nganda z'indege
Uburyo ikoranabuhanga ryo gucapa rya 3D rikoreshwa mu nganda z’indege bushobora gutandukana bitewe n’uburyo runaka bwakoreshejwe. Urugero, ikoranabuhanga rya laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) rishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibice by’igihe gito bigoye, nk’ibikoresho cyangwa ibice bisigaye. Launcher, ikigo gishya gikorera muri California, cyakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya Velo3D ryo gucapa rya safiro-metal 3D kugira ngo cyongere moteri ya roketi yayo ya E-2 liquid. Uburyo bw’uruganda bwakoreshejwe mu gukora turbine y’induction, igira uruhare runini mu kwihutisha no gutwara LOX (ogisijeni y’amazi) mu cyumba cy’umuriro. Turbine na sensor byacapwe hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya 3D hanyuma bigateranywa. Iki gice gishya giha roketi urujya n’uruza rw’amazi n’imbaraga nyinshi, bigatuma iba igice cy’ingenzi cya moteri.
Velo3D yagize uruhare mu ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rya PBF mu gukora moteri ya roketi y'amazi ya E-2.
Inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro zifite akamaro kanini, harimo no gukora inyubako nto n'izinini. Urugero, ikoranabuhanga rya 3D capping nka Relativity Space's Stargate solution rishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibice binini nka tanki za lisansi za rocket na propeller blades. Relativity Space yabigaragaje binyuze mu gukora neza Terran 1, rocket hafi ya yose yacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D, irimo tanki ya lisansi ifite uburebure bwa metero nyinshi. Yatangiye ku mugaragaro ku ya 23 Werurwe 2023, yagaragaje imikorere myiza n'ubwizerwe bw'inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro.
Ikoranabuhanga ryo gucapa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa 3D rituma habaho gukora ibice hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bikora neza nka PEEK. Ibice byakozwe muri iyi thermoplastic byamaze kugeragezwa mu isanzure kandi byashyizwe kuri Rashid rover nk'igice cy'ubutumwa bw'ukwezi bwa UAE. Intego y'iki kizamini kwari ugusuzuma uburyo PEEK irwanya ikirere gikabije. Iyo itsinze, PEEK ishobora gusimbuza ibice by'icyuma mu bihe aho ibice by'icyuma byangiritse cyangwa ibikoresho bikaba bike. Byongeye kandi, imiterere yoroheje ya PEEK ishobora kugira akamaro mu bushakashatsi bw'ikirere.
Ikoranabuhanga rya 3D rishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibice bitandukanye by’inganda z’indege.
Ibyiza byo gucapa mu buryo bwa 3D mu nganda z'indege
Ibyiza byo gucapa mu buryo bwa 3D mu nganda z’indege birimo kunoza imiterere y’ibice ugereranije n’uburyo gakondo bwo kubaka. Johannes Homa, Umuyobozi Mukuru w’uruganda rukora imashini zicapa mu buryo bwa 3D muri Otirishiya Lithoz, yavuze ko "iri koranabuhanga rituma ibice byoroha." Bitewe n’ubwisanzure mu gushushanya, ibicuruzwa byacapishijwe mu buryo bwa 3D bikora neza kandi bisaba amikoro make. Ibi bigira ingaruka nziza ku ngaruka zo gukora ibice ku bidukikije. Relativity Space yagaragaje ko gukora inyongeramusaruro bishobora kugabanya cyane umubare w’ibice bikenewe mu gukora ibyogajuru. Kuri roketi ya Terran 1, ibice 100 byararokotse. Byongeye kandi, iri koranabuhanga rifite inyungu zikomeye mu muvuduko wo gukora, aho roketi irangira mu minsi itarenze 60. Mu buryo bunyuranye, gukora roketi hakoreshejwe uburyo gakondo bishobora gufata imyaka myinshi.
Ku bijyanye no gucunga umutungo, gucapa hakoreshejwe 3D bishobora kuzigama ibikoresho, ndetse rimwe na rimwe bigatuma imyanda isubiramo. Amaherezo, gukora inyongeramusaruro bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kugabanya uburemere bw'ibisasu bya roketi biguruka. Intego ni ugukoresha ibikoresho byo mu gihugu, nka regolith, no kugabanya gutwara ibikoresho mu byogajuru. Ibi bituma bishoboka gutwara imashini ya 3D gusa, ishobora gukora ibintu byose aho biri nyuma y'urugendo.
Made in Space yamaze kohereza imwe mu mashini zabo zicapa za 3D mu isanzure kugira ngo ikorerwe igeragezwa.
Imbogamizi zo gucapa mu buryo bwa 3D mu isanzure
Nubwo gucapa hakoreshejwe 3D bifite ibyiza byinshi, ikoranabuhanga riracyari rishya kandi rifite imbogamizi. Advenit Makaya yagize ati: "Kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye mu nganda zikora inyongeramusaruro mu nganda zikora iby’indege ni ukugenzura no kwemeza ibikorwa." Abakora bashobora kwinjira muri laboratwari bagasuzuma imbaraga za buri gice, ubwizerwe, n'imiterere yacyo mbere yo kwemeza, inzira izwi nka NDT yo gupima idasenya (non-destructive testing). Ariko, ibi bishobora gutwara igihe kinini kandi bigatwara amafaranga menshi, bityo intego nyamukuru ni ukugabanya ibi bizamini. NASA iherutse gushyiraho ikigo cyo gukemura iki kibazo, cyibanda ku kwemeza byihuse ibice by'icyuma bikorwa n'inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro. Iki kigo kigamije gukoresha impanga z'ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo kinoze moderi za mudasobwa z'ibicuruzwa, bizafasha abahanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga gusobanukirwa neza imikorere n'imbogamizi z'ibice, harimo n'umuvuduko bashobora kwihanganira mbere yo kuvunika. Mu kubikora, iki kigo cyiringiye gufasha guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya 3D icapiro mu nganda zikora iby'indege, bigatuma rirushaho gukora neza mu guhangana n'ubuhanga gakondo bwo gukora.
Ibi bice byakorewe igeragezwa ryimbitse ry’ubwizerwe n’imbaraga.
Ku rundi ruhande, inzira yo kugenzura iba itandukanye iyo ibikorwa bikorerwa mu kirere. Advenit Makaya wo muri ESA asobanura agira ati: "Hari uburyo bwo gusesengura ibice mu gihe cyo gucapa." Ubu buryo bufasha kumenya ibicuruzwa byacapwe bikwiriye n'ibitakwiriye. Byongeye kandi, hari uburyo bwo kwikosora ku byuma bya 3D byacapwe byagenewe umwanya kandi burimo kugeragezwa ku mashini z'icyuma. Ubu buryo bushobora kumenya amakosa ashobora kubaho mu gikorwa cyo gukora no guhindura ibipimo byabwo mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo hakosorwe inenge iyo ari yo yose iri muri icyo gice. Izi sisitemu zombi zitezweho kunoza ubwizerwe bw'ibicuruzwa byacapwe mu kirere.
Kugira ngo byemezwe ibisubizo byo gucapa bya 3D, NASA na ESA bashyizeho amahame ngenderwaho. Aya mahame akubiyemo ibizamini byinshi kugira ngo hamenyekane ko ibice by’ibice ari inyangamugayo. Batekereza ku ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza ifu kandi barimo kuyavugurura kugira ngo akoreshwe mu zindi nzira. Ariko, abakinnyi benshi bakomeye mu nganda z’ibikoresho, nka Arkema, BASF, Dupont, na Sabic, nabo batanga aya mabwiriza.
Kuba mu kirere?
Bitewe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gucapa mu buryo bwa 3D, twabonye imishinga myinshi yagenze neza ku Isi ikoresha iri koranabuhanga mu kubaka amazu. Ibi bituma twibaza niba iyi gahunda ishobora gukoreshwa mu gihe cya vuba cyangwa cya kure mu kubaka inyubako zishobora guturwamo mu kirere. Nubwo kuba mu kirere muri iki gihe bidashoboka, kubaka amazu, cyane cyane ku kwezi, bishobora gufasha abahanga mu by'ikirere mu gukora ubutumwa bwo mu kirere. Intego y'Ikigo cy'Iby'Ijuru cy'u Burayi (ESA) ni ukubaka amadome ku kwezi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuzenguruka ukwezi, bushobora gukoreshwa mu kubaka inkuta cyangwa amatafari yo kurinda abahanga mu by'ikirere imirasire. Nk'uko Advenit Makaya wo muri ESA abivuga, uburyo bwo kuzenguruka ukwezi bugizwe na 60% by'icyuma na 40% bya ogisijeni kandi ni igikoresho cy'ingenzi mu kubaho kw'abahanga mu by'ikirere kuko bushobora gutanga isoko ritagira iherezo rya ogisijeni iyo bukuwe muri ibi bikoresho.
NASA yahaye ICON inkunga ya miliyoni 57.2 z'amadolari yo guteza imbere sisitemu yo gucapa ya 3D yo kubaka inyubako ku zuba, kandi irimo no gukorana na kompanyi mu guhanga ahantu ho gutura ha Mars Dune Alpha. Intego ni ukugerageza imiterere y'ubuzima kuri Mars binyuze mu gutuma abakorerabushake baba mu gace batuyemo mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe, biganisha ku miterere y'Umubumbe Utukura. Iyi mihati ni intambwe zikomeye mu kubaka inyubako za 3D ku kwezi na Mars, bishobora gutuma abantu babasha kwinjira mu isanzure.
Mu gihe kiri imbere, izi nzu zishobora gutuma ubuzima bukomeza kubaho mu kirere.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-14-2023
